Historic Graffiti Survey

Download the survey report

Introduction

(extract from the North West Historic Graffiti Survey’s Volunteer Training Handbook)

The study of graffiti and other marks such as masons’ and carpenters’ marks within pre-modern buildings, formed the subject of some of the earliest articles to appear in dedicated archaeological journals during the latter half of the nineteenth century. However, since this period the subject has largely slipped into obscurity. This is especially true of graffiti where little work was undertaken until very recently.

The lack of a comprehensive archive or record of these marks stems in part from the time needed to survey a building and accurately record the graffiti in sometimes difficult lighting conditions. The difficulties involved and sheer size of the task has meant that little academic work was undertaken.

This trend has recently been reversed by the development of digital cameras and data storage leading to the establishment of several regional surveys aiming to record medieval graffiti within parish churches, e.g. Norfolk, East Sussex and Suffolk Medieval Graffiti Surveys. Although challenging, these surveys have opened up this area of research revealing previously unknown examples of graffiti. The amount of material being recorded in the established surveys is providing insight into the everyday beliefs and behaviours of those who are not represented in surviving texts from the period. This link to the everyday person is perhaps the strongest argument for recording.

The North-West Historic Graffiti Survey is initially aimed at buildings in Greater Manchester with elements constructed before 1700. It is a pilot project and the hope is to eventually expand to cover other areas of the North-West

Summary

In March 2018, following the successful workshop and trial survey of All Saint Parish Church Wigan in 2017, the Wigan Archaeological Society (WAS) carried out a rapid photographic survey of St Wilfrid’s Parish Church (Market Street, Standish, Greater Manchester, WN6 0HT, OS NGR SD 563 102 Grade I Listed Building).

The survey was limited to the interior ground floor with areas such as the west tower and vestry extension ignored (as these are Victorian and later additions - also the organ, which is housed in the tower, was under renovation giving limited access here). The area under investigation was divided into seven discrete zones and WAS members were split up into teams to cover each zone. The exterior of the building was also looked but no discernable marks were detected.

Stonework

Altogether the WAS teams were able to detect a staggering 87 marks of various kinds on the stonework. Most prominent were double-Vs (32) but there were also many crossed double-Vs (8), bow-tie shapes (8) and crossed partial bow-ties (10). These seemed to be clustered in and around the two chancel towers containing the spiral staircases, although many also occurred on the walls of the side aisles and their columns. Here is the breakdown per zone:

The carvings seem to be mainly masons’ marks possibly done to identify the craftsmen so that they could receive due payment for their handiwork. However, a detailed study may reveal some of them to be protective markings (particularly the ones identified on the spiral staircases). Protective or apotropaic marks are usually located around door entrances and windows, positioned there to prevent evil spirits from entering. Shapes such as the pentangle or five-pointed star are thought now to be associated with the dark arts, but in medieval times were used as protective symbols trapping the unwitting demon in its complex shape. Also, the double-V invokes the protection Virgin Mary (Virgin of Virgins) an indication, maybe, of Catholic sympathies in Standish still remaining long after the Reformation.

Woodwork

No marks at all were found on the woodwork of the church which is where protective marks are often found. However, this was not surprising, as the majority of it is of a much more recent date. The notable exception is the door to the spiral staircase in the North Tower which is covered with inscriptions and markings (possibly protective) on the inside. The South Tower door, although seemingly from the same period, had no marks at all, possibly because they had been removed at some point in its history.

The church has its original oak roof which is richly carved with ornate bosses and patterned beams. However, due to its inaccessibility, this was deemed to be outside the remit of the study. A cursory examination of previously taken photographs did reveal some marks but trying to locate these with binoculars proved particularly difficult and, in the end, impractical.

North Tower Door

It was obvious the recording of the inscriptions on this door would provide a greater challenge. We, therefore, decided to return in the Winter of 2018, so that a more detailed survey could be undertaken. In the end, a total of 75 marks of various kinds were recorded. This included 55 carved initials and two seemingly contemporary dates (1634 and 1640). The rest were faintly scratched shapes including many inverted double-Vs. These could well be protective marks but it was difficult to ascertain whether they were made before or after the carved inscriptions.

Many of the carved initials appear more than once, the most common being HR which appears seven times. However, the variety of styles (some deeply and crudely carved, others lightly scratched) and the number of differing initials suggests that perhaps more than 20 individuals contributed to the number of inscriptions. As the marks could only be carried out with the door closed, the work must have been carried out in candlelight. The intricacy of some of the carving also suggests they had time on their hands: could this tower have been used as a gaol perhaps? - with locks on the doors both top and bottom, it’s certainly possible.

Further Research

Altogether the survey teams recorded a total of 162 marks of one form or another in the church and took over 230 photographs. All the marks discovered will be examined in due course by Ellen McInnes and Carolanne King, directors of the Greater Manchester Graffiti Survey. Following a detailed analysis, a final report will be produced at a later date. A Gazetteer of Marks has been produced and included in this report, a copy of which, together with all the images and record sheets, will be lodged with the Greater Manchester Historic Environment Record.

Historical Background

(Information based mainly on the article on St Wilfrid’s website)

The church is first mentioned in 1205 but the vast extent of the ancient parish with its eleven townships (Adlington, Anderton, Charnock Richard, Coppull, Duxbury, Heath Charnock, Langtree, Shevington, Standish, Welch Whittle and Worthington) points to a very early foundation.

It was dedicated to seventh-century monk St. Wilfrid; a fiery, strong-willed character, who was often in trouble with the authorities. This found him being imprisoned and exiled for a while but at various times he became Bishop of Ripon, Hexham and York. His greatest achievement was to persuade the Church in England to accept the practices of Rome rather than those of the Celtic churches founded by the early missionaries from Ireland and Scotland.

Over the following centuries, the links between the church and the Standish family were consolidated and many of the rectors came from various branches of the family.

Sometime in the 15th century the original church fell into serious disrepair and needed to be restored but the new building was itself later destroyed by fire.

Also, in the 15th century, two chantries were built within the church; a third was added later. A chantry was a small chapel at which a priest was appointed to pray and offer Masses for the welfare of named individuals, both while they were living and for the repose of their souls after death. These chantries were abolished at the time of the Reformation in 1548.

Rebuilding

The present church is believed to have been rebuilt between 1582 and 1589 and designed by Lawrence Shipway. Built in yellow-grey grit-stone, its blend of Gothic and Renaissance style is very unusual and today it is the only Grade 1 listed building in the Borough of Wigan.

This new construction took place at a time of great religious upheaval at a time when, for example, it was high treason for a priest to say Mass. Fines were imposed on those who did not attend the parish church and Catholic landowners could be deprived of much of their land for persistent defying of the law.

This was unfortunate for Edward Standish of Standish Hall, who, like many other Lancashire land-owning families, had remained loyal to the Roman Catholic faith. As patron of St. Wilfrid’s, he not only signed the agreement but contributed large sums of money towards the cost. Like many other Catholic families, he had to walk a fine line between upholding his beliefs and not offending the Protestant state. A private chapel with its own entrance was included in the new building for use of the Standish family, no doubt against the time when he hoped that England would return to the Catholic faith.

Civil War

Together with the rest of the country, the Civil War brought further changes from which Standish was not exempt.

The Rector, Ralph Brideoak, who had been instituted in 1644, was removed and replaced by Paul Lathom who had been nominated as Rector by Parliament. With the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Ralph Brideoak was restored to his living and later went on to greater things, becoming in turn a chaplain to the King, Canon of Windsor, Dean of Salisbury and eventually Bishop of Chichester.

The Rector

Alexander de Standish was the first Rector to be recorded in 1206. Over the following centuries rector followed rector, receiving their income from the glebe lands, which included several farms, an inn and a selection of dwellings, yielding a satisfactory income.

The income, however, was not enough for the needs of Rev. Richard Perryn, Rector from 1779 to 1826, who supplemented it by caring for the cattle of his neighbours, growing willow for the basket-makers, providing oak bark for the tanners and selling such miscellaneous items as apricots, potatoes, meal, timber, clay and sand from the rectory and glebe.

On the whole, however, it was a comfortable life and it is not surprising that the Rectors of Standish stayed for many years. The kind of life they led is perceptively portrayed in the Victorian novels of the Bronte sisters, Jane Austen and others. Typical was the Rev. C. W. N. Hutton who was Rector from 1886 to 1936. He rebuilt the rectory, together with stables and outhouses, the latter still existing today as the Owls restaurant. He employed a sizeable staff to run the rectory and entertained lavishly so that it became the centre of village social life.

Building Additions

In the late 18th century a row of terraced houses was built directly in front of the church, nicknamed Spite Row in the belief that it had been built by Catholics to hide the church. The row was purchased in the 1920s by a local businessman who had them demolished to reveal once again the church in all its glory.

The Tower is a 19th-century addition in the gothic style made of black-ashlar. The vestry was added in 1913 and the gatehouse (known as the Peace Gate) in 1926 as a memorial to the soldiers who died in the Great War.

Methodology

Pre-printed recording sheets and digital cameras were used to undertake a rapid record of the deliberate marks that are not part of the decorative scheme of the building. The survey followed a typology that was developed by Matthew Champion of the Norfolk Medieval Graffiti Survey. The project followed the aims of that survey but adapted to fit the needs and circumstances of the North-West. The survey is the equivalent of a Historic England rapid photographic survey level one. It is not and should not be used as a detailed archaeological building survey.

The report is in the form of a gazetteer and as such, there is no analysis or detailed historical research. These elements may follow on according to the aims and objectives of future researchers.

The survey was intended to identify the presence and range of types of mark that might be found in the accessible areas of the building. A fundamental aim was the provision of a volunteer activity that can be undertaken throughout the year by local archaeology groups. It also aimed to add to the nationwide recording that is developing around the original Norfolk Medieval Graffiti project.

The survey follows the guidelines set out in the Historic England guide to graffiti surveys with all marks being recorded except those interpreted as modern vandalism.

All images have been catalogued and stored along with the original recording sheets and this gazetteer will form part of the final archive for the survey.

All the marks discovered were recorded, but in the gazetteer, where similar markings occur in the same area, only one image is presented. On the North Tower Door, where marks are close by or overlap, again only one image is presented.

Acknowledgements

The survey was based on the Norfolk Medieval Graffiti Survey and acknowledgement must be given to Matthew Champion the director of that survey for his inspiration and permission to use the methodology and volunteer guidelines set out by that survey.

Help and guidance was given by the directors of the Greater Manchester Graffiti Survey, Ellen McInnes and Carolanne King.

A special thanks goes to Joe Bazeley, Treasurer and Tour Guide of St Wilfrid’s Standish, who arranged access for us. Joe's in-depth knowledge of the building and history was also invaluable.

We would also like to thank Alan, Jean and Irene Stone for their patience presiding over the Society while we carried out our work.

Members of the Wigan Archaeological Society who undertook the survey were; Bill Aldridge, Patrick Maloney, Neil Warner, Trevor Boardman, Martin Trumble, Christine Barbour-Moore, Simon, Eileen and Ashley Brogan, Chris Gibbons, Dave Thomas, Darren Bentham, Andy Wilcock and Dave North.

Gazetteer of Marks

Area T1: Sanctuary and Chancel

Mason’s Mark Stone

Crossed Double V (two examples both upside down)

No.	Location	Image
1	Chancel south-west column 5th stone above base on west side.	P1040330
2	Chancel south-west column 4th stone above base on south side.	P1040331

Notes: (1) First example of two

Mason’s Mark Stone

Double V (two examples)

No.	Location	Image
3	South-east chancel corner 3rd stone above tomb (possibly an arrow pointing down).	P1040332
8	North-east chancel corner 2nd stone above tomb (upside down)	P1040337

Notes: (3) First example of two

Mason’s Mark Stone

Enclosed Zig-Zag

No.	Location	Image
5	South-east chancel corner 4th stone above tomb.	P1040334

Mason’s Mark Stone

Zig-Zag

No.	Location	Image
6	Below north sanctuary window 2nd stone down 2nd stone left	P1040335

Notes: Could be a letter N or M

Mason’s Mark Stone

Partial Arrow (two examples)

No.	Location	Image
4	South-east chancel corner 3rd stone below angle (pointing left).	P1040333
7	North-east chancel corner 2nd stone up from base (pointing up).	P1040336

Notes: (7) Second example of two (part of point and tail missing)

Area T2: Duxbury Chapel

Textural Inscription Stone

Letters R W

No.	Location	Image
1	North spiral staircase north side 5th block from floor	P1040338

Notes: W is depicted as a double V

Mason’s Mark Stone

Double V (three examples)

No.	Location	Image
2	North spiral staircase north side 6th block from floor	P1040339
15	North spiral staircase south side high up next to half shield boss of arch (tilted in line with arch)	P1040390
16	North spiral staircase northwest side 2m above door (two upside down Double Vs on adjacent blocks)	P1040339

Notes: (15) Second example of three (suspect this one may be crossed)

Mason’s Mark Stone

Crossed Double V (three examples)

No.	Location	Image
3	North spiral staircase north-east face 5th stone from floor (turned anticlockwise >90°)	P1040340
5	North spiral staircase north-east face 3rd stone from floor (turned clockwise <90°)	P1040342
6	North spiral staircase north-east face 2nd stone from floor, 2nd from right (turned anticlockwise <90°)	P1040343, P1040344

Notes: (6) Last example of three (this and second example thought possibly to be just a group of 3 triangles)

Mason’s Mark Stone

Arrow

No.	Location	Image
4	North spiral staircase north- east face 4th stone from floor, 2nd from right (pointing upwards)	P1040341

Notes: Part of tail missing

Mason’s Mark Stone

Partial Bowtie (three examples)

No.	Location	Image
7	Under north window (W16) 2nd stone from left	P1040346
8	Under north window (W16) 1st stone from left	P1040347
14	Under north window (W17) 1st stone from right (turned through 90°)	P1040353

Notes: (7) First example of three

Mason’s Mark Stone

Partial Bowtie with line through (three examples)

No.	Location	Image
9	North spiral staircase north-east face 5th stone from floor, 2nd from right	P1040345
12	1st stone on right side of window in east wall (W18)	P1040350, P104351
13	1st stone on left side of window in east wall (W18)	P1040352

Notes: (12) Second example of three

Mason’s Mark Stone

Zig-zag (Two examples)

No.	Location	Image
10	Right side of east wall 5th stone from floor (behind safe)	P1040348
11	Right side of east wall 2nd stone from floor (behind safe)	P1040349

Notes: (11) Second example of two

Mason’s Mark Stone

Partial Bowties

No.	Location	Image
17	North spiral staircase east side 6th stone from floor	P1040392

Notes: Two examples on adjacent stones

Area T3: Standish Chapel

Mason’s Mark Stone

Bowtie

No.	Location	Image
1	South wall between windows W4 and W5 (below inscription stone)	P1040307, P1040308

Notes: Could also be a letter M preceded by a T (but T is not picked out by torch light)

Mason’s Mark Stone

Enclosed T-shape (stylised). Three examples

No.	Location	Image
2	South spiral staircase south-east face 8 feet from floor.	P1040309
8	South spiral staircase north face (3rd block from base) - rotated through 180º (stem of shape is faint)	P1040321
10	South spiral staircase southwest face above door on right hand side	P1040326, P1040327, P1040328

Notes: (2) First example of three

Mason’s Mark Stone

Zig-zag (letter Z) (three examples)

No.	Location	Image
3a	South spiral staircase south face 4th block from floor.	P1040311
3b	South spiral staircase south face 5th block from floor.	P1040312
3c	South spiral staircase south-east face 4th block from floor.	P1040313

Notes: (3c) Third example of three

Mason’s Mark Stone

Double V (two examples)

No.	Location	Image
4a	South spiral staircase east face high up (turned anticlockwise 90º ).	P1040315
9d	South spiral staircase south face high up (turned clockwise <90º).	P1040325

Notes: (4a) First example of two (suspect this one could be crossed)

Mason’s Mark Stone

Partial Bowties (rotated through >90º)

No.	Location	Image
5	South spiral staircase north-east face high up above small window.	P1040317

Notes: Two examples on adjacent stones

Mason’s Mark Stone

Pentagon Star

No.	Location	Image
6	South spiral staircase north-east face below small window.	P1040318

Mason’s Mark Stone

Partial Bowtie

No.	Location	Image
7	South spiral staircase north-east face (3rd block from floor).	P1040320

Mason’s Mark Stone

Crossed Double V (three examples all turned through 90º)

No.	Location	Image
9a	South spiral staircase west face 3rd course above door.	P1040322
9b	South spiral staircase south face	P1040323
9c	South spiral staircase south face	P1040324

Notes: (9b) Second example of three

Mason’s Mark Stone

Arrow

No.	Location	Image
11	South spiral staircase south face 7th block from floor.	P1040329

Area T4: North-west Corner

Mason’s Mark Stone

Crossed Double V

No.	Location	Image
1	Right hand side of NW window W12 (turned anticlockwise 90º)	P1040382

Mason’s Mark Stone

Bowtie (Three examples)

No.	Location	Image
2	Low down on right hand side of NW window W12 (tilted to the right)	P1040383
4	Left hand side of door D6 in north wall (tilted slightly to the right)	P1040385
8	Under window W13 in north wall (tilted slightly to the left)	P1040476

Notes: (2) First of three examples

Mason’s Mark Stone

Cross (letter X)

No.	Location	Image
3	Right hand side of NW window W12 (Approx 2m up, tilted to the right)	P1040384

Mason’s Mark Stone

Upside down A shape (Two examples)

No.	Location	Image
5a	Above door D6 in north wall on left side	P1040386
5b	Above door D6 in north wall on left side	P1040387, P1040388

Notes: (5) First of two examples

Mason’s Mark Stone

Zig-Zag (Z shape)

No.	Location	Image
6	North side of column N1 - 3 blocks up	P1040389, P1040484

Notes: possibly a bowtie on its side

Mason’s Mark Stone

Partial Bowtie (Three examples)

No.	Location	Image
7a	Left hand side of window W13 on north wall (on its side)	P1040474
7b	Left hand side of window W13 on north wall	P1040475
12	North side of column N3 - 6 blocks up (possibly a T-shape on its side)	P1040480

Notes: (7a) First of three examples

Mason’s Mark Stone

Crossed Partial Bowtie

No.	Location	Image
9	Between windows W13 and W14 on north wall 1.5m up	P1040477

Mason’s Mark Stone

T-shape (stylised) (two examples)

No.	Location	Image
10	North side of column base N4 - 0.3m up	P1040478
13	North side of column N2 – 6 blocks up	P1040481, P1040482

Notes: (10) First of two examples

Mason’s Mark Stone

Partial Pentagon Star (two examples)

No.	Location	Image
14	South side of column base N1 - 0.8m up	P1040483
16	Left hand side of NW window W12 (possibly a Partial Bowtie)	P1040485

Notes: (14) First of two examples

Mason’s Mark Stone

M Shape

No.	Location	Image
15	Left hand side of NW window W12	P1040486

Notes: (could be recent)

Area T5: South Porch and South Aisle

Mason’s Mark Stone

Cross (letter X)

No.	Location	Image
1	South side of column S3 – first block from base	P1040358

Mason’s Mark Stone

Double V (three examples)

No.	Location	Image
2a	South side of column S3 – lower base (upside down)	P1040359
2b	West side of column S3 – 3rd block from base (rotated to the left)	P1040360
2c	South-west side of column S3 – first block from base (rotated to the right)	P1040357

Notes: (2a) First of three examples

Textural Inscription Stone

Letters ‘P Littler WIGAN 1871’

No.	Location	Image
3	South side of column S3 – upper base	P1040361

Mason’s Mark Stone

Double V (three examples)

No.	Location	Image
4a	East side of column S2 – upper base (upside down)	P1040362, P1040362
4b	West side of column S3 – 3rd block from base (upside down)	P1040363
4c	South-west side of column S3 – first block from base (rotated to the left)	P1040364

Notes: (4a) First of three examples

Textural Inscription Stone

Letters ‘EH’

No.	Location	Image
5	West side of column S2 – upper base	P1040366

Mason’s Mark Stone

Double V (four examples)

No.	Location	Image
6a	East side of column S1 – 4th block up (rotated 90º to the left)	P1040367
6b	North-east side of column S1 – 3rd block up (rotated 90º to left)	P1040368
6c	North side of column S1 – lower base (rotated 90º to the left)	P1040369, P1040370
6d	West side of column S1 – 3rd block up (rotated 90º to the left)	P1040371

Notes: (6d) Last of four examples

Mason’s Mark Stone

Arrow (two examples)

No.	Location	Image
7	West side of column S1 – base (pointing left)	P1040372
13	East side of north wall of porch (pointing down)	P1040380

Notes: (7) First of two examples

Mason’s Mark Stone

Crossed Partial Bowtie (two examples)

No.	Location	Image
8	West side of main door through north wall of porch	P1040373
9	Right side of window W8 on south wall	P1040374

Notes: (9) Second of two examples

Mason’s Mark Stone

Bowtie (three examples)

No.	Location	Image
10	Right side of window W7 in south wall (rotated slightly to the right)	P1040375
12a	East side of north wall of porch (rotated through 90º)	P1040377
12b	East side of north wall of porch (rotated through 90º)	P1040378, P1040379

Notes: (12a) Second of three examples

Stone

Fork shape (possible Double V)

No.	Location	Image
14	East side porch on upper surface of stone bench	P1040373

Notes: (14) The long stem of fork could be just a crack in the stone

Area T6: Inside the North and South Chancel Towers

All marks were found on the vertical faces of the underside of the steps. Tower 1 - photographs were taken from the top downwards. Tower 2 – all step numbers are referenced from the top (not including the landing step).

Mason’s Mark Stone

Double V (17 examples)

No.	Location	Image
1	Tower (1) 6th step from top	P1040451, P1040453
3	Tower (1) 17th step from bottom	P1040448
5	Tower (1) 14th step from top (opposite door to roof)	P1040448
6	Tower (1) 11th step from top (by light box)	P1040455
7	Tower (1) 9th step from top	P1040454
8	Tower (1) 7th step from top	P1040452
11	Tower (2) 18th step from top (opposite door)	P1040461, P1040462
13	Tower (2) 16th step from top (opposite door)	P1040463
14	Tower (2) 15th step from top (opposite door)	P1040464
15	Tower (2) 14th step from top (opposite door)	P1040465
17	Tower (2) 12th step from top (opposite door)	P1040467
18	Tower (2) 7th step from top (possible tool marks & scratches)	P1040468
19	Tower (2) 6th step from top	P1040469
19	Tower (2) 5th step from top	P1040470

Notes: (1) first of seventeen examples Notes: (3) second of seventeen examples Notes: (14) ninth of seventeen examples Notes: (20b) fifteenth example

Mason’s Mark Stone

Unknown shape

No.	Location	Image
2	Tower (1) 3rd step from top on central column	P1040449

Mason’s Mark Stone

Enclosed T-shape (stylised). Two examples

No.	Location	Image
4a	Tower (1) 34th step from top on central column	P1040458
4b	Tower (1) 33rd step from top on central column	P1040457

Notes: (4b) second of two examples

Mason’s Mark Stone

Unknown shape (two triangles with horizontal line)

No.	Location	Image
9	Tower (1) Last step at top	P1040450

Mason’s Mark Stone

Letter Pi shape

No.	Location	Image
10	Tower (2) 21st step from top	P1040459

Mason’s Mark Stone

Letter H shape (rotated through 90º)

No.	Location	Image
12	Tower (2) 22nd step from top	P1040460

Mason’s Mark Stone

Two horizontal lines with vertical line through them

No.	Location	Image
16	Tower (2) 12th step from top	P1040466

Notes: vertical line might be a scratch

Area T7: Behind the North Tower Spiral Staircase Door

Text Wood

Engraved letters ‘E R’ – boxed with serifs

No.	Location	Image
	North Tower Door - left side of 1st (top) panel	P1040492
3a	North Tower Door – top centre of 1st (top) panel
3b	North Tower Door – lower left side of 1st (top) panel	P1040498
3b	North Tower Door - top centre of 1st (top) panel	P1040500

Text Wood

Engraved letter ‘R’ – with inverted V added (2 examples)

No.	Location	Image
5	North Tower Door – top right side of 1st (top) panel	P1040502
6	North Tower Door – middle left side of 1st (top) panel	P1040494
6	North Tower Door – centre of 1st (top) panel	P1040499
7b	North Tower Door - top centre of 1st (top) panel	P1040501

Text & other marks Wood

Engraved letters ‘R N’

No.	Location	Image
	North Tower Door – top right side of 1st (top) panel	P1040503, P1040508
16	North Tower Door – left side of 1st (top) panel	P1040495, P1040496
10b	North Tower Door - bottom centre of 1st (top) panel	P1040497

Notes: (11a) upper centre – (11b) lower centre

Text Wood

Engraved letters ‘M T’ – with serifs

No.	Location	Image
	North Tower Door – bottom centre side of 1st (top) panel	P1040504
12	North Tower Door – bottom centre of 1st (top) panel	P1040505

Notes: (13) upper left – (14a) lower centre – (14b) centre – (14c) lower right – (15) upper right

Text & other marks Wood

Engraved letters ‘H R’ – with inverted V shape

No.	Location	Image
	North Tower Door – bottom right side of 1st (top) panel	P1040506
17c	North Tower Door – bottom left side of 1st (top) panel	P1040507
18b	North Tower Door - top left side of 2nd panel down	P1040509
	North Tower Door - left side of 2nd panel down	P1040510
20b	North Tower Door - left side of 2nd panel down	P1040511
23	North Tower Door - top left side of 2nd panel down	P1040512
	North Tower Door – top left side of 3rd panel down	P1040513
25b	North Tower Door – top centre of 3rd panel down	P1040514

Text Wood

Crudely engraved letters ‘H R’

No.	Location	Image
	North Tower Door – top right side of 3rd panel down	P1040515
28	North Tower Door – lower left side of 3rd panel down	P1040519, P1040520

Notes: (29a) upper right, inside box – (29b) top right, outside box - (34a) centre – (34b) left side - (34c) lower left side

Text & other marks Wood

Array of faintly scratched marks including an inverted V and 3 Double-V shapes

No.	Location	Image
	North Tower Door – centre of 3rd panel down	P1040520
35c	North Tower Door – centre right of 3rd panel down	P1040516

Notes: (31a) upper right – (31b) centre right - (31c) lower right – (31d) lower left – (31e) centre left

Text & other marks Wood

Engraved letters ‘M R’ arranged vertically

No.	Location	Image
	North Tower Door – right side of 3rd panel down	P1040517
32c	North Tower Door – lower left side of 3rd panel down	P1040518
33b	North Tower Door - lower left side of 3rd panel down	P1040521

Notes: (36a) left – (36b) right

Text & other marks Wood

Engraved letters ‘R M’ – boxed with dots

No.	Location	Image
	North Tower Door – lower right side of 3rd panel down	P1040522
37b	North Tower Door – upper centre of 4th panel down	P1040523
38c	North Tower Door - upper centre of 4th panel down	P1040524

Text & other marks Wood

Engraved letters ‘T N’ – with dots

No.	Location	Image
	North Tower Door – left side of 4th panel down	P1040525
40	North Tower Door – lower right side of 4th panel down	P1040526, P1040527
42	North Tower Door – right side of 5th panel down	P1040528, P1040528,

Notes: (43a) top left – (43b) centre left – (44) lower left – (45) lower right

Photographic Image Index

Every photograph taken during the survey, with the record sheet it belongs to. The survey was carried out in May and December 2018 by the Wigan Archaeological Society.

Image file	Record sheet	Feature	Comment
P1040307	Area T3 No.1	Bowtie	(possible letter M)
P1040308	Area T3 No.1	“ “
P1040309	Area T3 No.2	T-shape (stylised)
P1040310	Area T3 No.3a	Zig-Zag	(letter Z)
P1040311	Area T3 No.3b	Zig-Zag	(letter Z)
P1040312	Area T3 No.3c	Zig-Zag	(letter Z)
P1040313			Not used
P1040314	Area T3 No.3		Group image
P1040315	Area T3 No.4a	Double V
P1040316	Area T3 No.4b	Crossed Double V
P1040317	Area T3 No.5	Two Partial Bowties	On adjacent stones
P1040318	Area T3 No.6	Pentagon Star
P1040319	Area T3 No.5		Group image
P1040320	Area T3 No.7	Partial Bowtie
P1040321	Area T3 No.8	T-shape (stylised)	Faint stem
P1040322	Area T3 No.9a	Crossed Double V
P1040323	Area T3 No.9b	Double V
P1040324	Area T3 No.9c	Double V
P1040325	Area T3 No.9d	Double V
P1040326	Area T3 No.10	T-shape (stylised)
P1040327	Area T3 No.10	“ “
P1040328	Area T3 No.10	“ “
P1040329	Area T3 No.11	Arrow
P1040330	Area T1 No.1	Crossed Double V
P1040331	Area T1 No.2	Crossed Double V
P1040332	Area T1 No.3	Double V	(possibly an Arrow)
P1040333	Area T1 No.4	Arrow
P1040334	Area T1 No.5	Enclosed Zig-Zag
P1040335	Area T1 No.6	Text	Letter ‘M’
P1040336	Area T1 No.7	Partial Arrow
P1040337	Area T1 No.8	Partial Bowtie
P1040338	Area T2 No.1	Text	Letters ‘RW’
P1040339	Area T2 No.2	Double V
P1040340	Area T2 No.3	Crossed Double V
P1040341	Area T2 No.4	Partial Arrow
P1040342	Area T2 No.5	Crossed Double V	(or 3 triangles)
P1040343	Area T2 No.6	Crossed Double V	Out of focus
P1040344	Area T2 No.6	“ “
P1040345	Area T2 No.9	Crossed Partial Bowtie
P1040346	Area T2 No.7	Partial Bowtie
P1040347	Area T2 No.8	Partial Bowtie
P1040348	Area T2 No.10	Zig-Zag	(mirrored letter N)
P1040349	Area T2 No.11	Zig-Zag	(letter N)
P1040350	Area T2 No.12	Crossed Partial Bowtie
P1040351	Area T2 No.12	“ “
P1040352	Area T2 No.13	Crossed Partial Bowtie
P1040353	Area T2 No.14	Partial Bowtie
P1040354			Not used
P1040355			Not used
P1040356			Not used
P1040357	Area T5 No.2c	Double V
P1040358	Area T5 No.1	Cross	(letter X)
P1040359	Area T5 No.2a	Double V
P1040360	Area T5 No.2b	Double V
P1040361	Area T5 No.3	Text	Letters ‘P Littler WIGAN 1871’
P1040362	Area T5 No.4a	Double V
P1040363	Area T5 No.4b	Double V
P1040364	Area T5 No.4c	Double V
P1040365	Area T5 No.4a	“ “
P1040366	Area T5 No.5	Text	Letters ‘EH’
P1040367	Area T5 No.6a	Double V
P1040368	Area T5 No.6b	Double V
P1040369	Area T5 No.6c	Double V
P1040370	Area T5 No.6c	“ “
P1040371	Area T5 No.6d	Double V
P1040372	Area T5 No.7	Arrow
P1040373	Area T5 No.8	Crossed Partial Bowtie
P1040374	Area T5 No.9	Crossed Partial Bowtie
P1040375	Area T5 No.10	Bowtie
P1040376	Area T5 No.11	M shape
P1040377	Area T5 No.12a	Bowtie
P1040378	Area T5 No.12b	Bowtie
P1040379	Area T5 No.12c	“ “
P1040380	Area T5 No.13	Arrow
P1040381	Area T5 No.14	Double V	(possible fork shape)
P1040382	Area T4 No.1	Crossed Double V
P1040383	Area T4 No.2	Bowtie
P1040384	Area T4 No.3	Cross	(letter X)
P1040385	Area T4 No.4	Bowtie
P1040386	Area T4 No.5a	Upside Down A shape
P1040387	Area T4 No.5b	Upside Down A shape
P1040388	Area T4 No.5b	“ “
P1040389	Area T4 No.6	Zig-Zag	(letter Z)
P1040390	Area T2 No.15	Double V
P1040391	Area T2 No.16	Two Double Vs	On adjacent stones
P1040392	Area T2 No.17	Two Partial Bowties	On adjacent stones
P1040393	?
P1040448	Area T6 No.3	Double V
P1040449	Area T6 No.2	Shape unknown 1
P1040450	Area T6 No.9	Shape unknown 2
P1040451	Area T6 No.1	Double V
P1040452	Area T6 No.8	Double V
P1040453	Area T6 No.1		(same as P1040451)
P1040454	Area T6 No.4	Double V
P1040455	Area T6 No.6	Double V
P1040456	Area T6 No.5	Double V
P1040457	Area T6 No.4b	T-shape (stylised)
P1040458	Area T6 No.4a	T-shape (stylised)
P1040459	Area T6 No.10	Pi shape
P1040460	Area T6 No.12	H shape (rotated thro’ 90°)
P1040461	Area T6 No.11	Double V	Out of focus
P1040462	Area T6 No.11	“ “	(same as P1040461)
P1040463	Area T6 No.13	Double V
P1040464	Area T6 No.14	Double V
P1040465	Area T6 No.15	Double V
P1040466	Area T6 No.16	Parallel Lines	(with line through)
P1040467	Area T6 No.17	Double V
P1040468	Area T6 No.18	Double V	(maybe tool marks)
P1040469	Area T6 No.19	Double V
P1040470	Area T6 No.20a	Double V
P1040471	Area T6 No.20b	Double V
P1040472	Area T6 No.21	Double V
P1040473	Area T6 No.22	Double V
P1040474	Area T4 No.7a	Partial Bowtie
P1040475	Area T4 No.7b	Partial Bowtie
P1040476	Area T4 No.8	Bowtie
P1040477	Area T4 No.9	Crossed Partial Bowtie
P1040478	Area T4 No.10	T-shape (stylised)
P1040479	Area T4 No.11	Text	Letters ‘IP’
P1040480	Area T4 No.12	Partial Bowtie	(could be T-shape)
P1040481	Area T4 No.13	T-shape (stylised)
P1040482	Area T4 No.13	“ “
P1040483	Area T4 No.14	Pentagon Star
P1040484	Area T4 No.6		(see P1040389)
P1040485	Area T4 No.16	Partial Pentagon Star
P1040486	Area T4 No.15	M shape
P1040491	Area T5 No.14		(same as P1040381)
P1040492	Area T7 No.1	Text	Letters ‘ER’
P1040493	Area T7 No.2	Text	Letters ‘IT’
P1040494	Area T7 No.6	Text	Letter ‘R’ (with inverted V)
P1040495	Area T7 No.10a	Text	Letters ‘GO 1634’
P1040496	Area T7 No.10b	Inverted Double V	Faint scratch shape
P1040497	Area T7 No.11	Text	Letters ‘RH’
P1040498	Area T7 No.3a	Text	Letter ‘R’
P1040499	Area T7 No.7a	Text	Letters ‘IM’
P1040500	Area T7 No.4	Text	Letters ‘IC’
P1040501	Area T7 No.8	Text	Letters ‘CC’
P1040502	Area T7 No.5	Text	Letter ‘R’ (with inverted V)
P1040503	Area T7 No.9	Text	Letters ‘RN’
P1040504	Area T7 No.12	Text	Letters ‘MT’
P1040505	Area T7 No.14a	Text	Letter ‘T’
P1040506	Area T7 No.17a	Text	Letters ‘HR’ (with inverted V)
P1040507	Area T7 No.18a	Text	Letters ‘TS’
P1040508	Area T7 No.16		(same as P1040503)
P1040509	Area T7 No.19	Text	Letter ‘T’
P1040510	Area T7 No.20a	Text	Letters ‘MT’
P1040511	Area T7 No.21	Text	Letters ‘MT’
P1040512	Area T7 No.22	Text	Letter ‘M’
P1040513	Area T7 No.24a	Text	Letters ‘MT’
P1040514	Area T7 No.26a	Text	Letters ‘RM’
P1040515	Area T7 No.28	Text	Letters ‘HR’
P1040516	Area T7 No.31a	Text	Letters ‘EP’
P1040517	Area T7 No.32a	Text	Letters ‘MR’
P1040518	Area T7 No.33a	Text	Letters ‘RH’
P1040519	Area T7 No.29a	Text	Letters ‘TV’ (with inverted V)
P1040520	Area T7 No.30	Inverted Double V	Array of faint scratch shapes
P1040520	Area T7 No.35a	Text	Letters ‘HR’
P1040521	Area T7 No.36a	Text	Letters ‘HR’
P1040522	Area T7 No.37a	Text	Letters ‘RM’
P1040523	Area T7 No.38a	Text	Letters ‘IKCP’
P1040524	Area T7 No.39	Text	Letters ‘HR’
P1040525	Area T7 No.40	Text	Letters ‘TN’
P1040526	Area T7 No.41	Text	Letters ‘HR’
P1040527	Area T7 No.42		(same as P1040526)
P1040528	Area T7 No.43a	Text	Letters ‘IA’
P1040529	Area T7 No.43a		(same as P1040528)
P1040530	Area T7 No.45		(same as P1040529)
P1040531	Area T7 1st panel		Group image (left side)
P1040532	Area T7 1st panel		Group image (right side)
P1040533	Area T7 2nd panel		Group image (centre)
P1040534	Area T7 2nd panel		Group image (right side)
P1040535	Area T7 3rd panel		Group image (left side)
P1040536	Area T7 3rd panel		Group image (right side)
P1040537	Area T7 4th panel		Group image (right side)
P1040538	Area T7 4th panel		Group image (left side)
P1040539	Area T7 5th panel		Group image (left side)
P1040540	Area T7 5th panel		Group image (right side)